C++ basic concepts for beginners pdf download
C++ (Basics)
*Module 1 (Basics and Control Structures)*
*Module 2 (Arrays and Strings)*
*Module 3 (Pointers and Objects)*
*Module 4 (Vector and Pair)*
*Module 5 (Stacks and Queues)*
*Module 6 (Sets and Maps)*
C++ group study starting from 1 august
The above mentioned 6 modules will be covered
Module 1 (Basics and Control Structures)
*1.Writing first C++ program*
*2.C++ Data Types*
*3.Basic Input/Output*
*4.What is include and header files?*
*5.bits/stdc++.h header*
*6.What are namespaces?*
*7.cout << endl vs cout << “ ” in C++*
*8.Response on exceeding valid range of data types*
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Code corner
Output:
Basic syntax:-
First c++ program:
Commenting
There are two ways to comment in c++ program:
int main(){
cout<<"Hello world"; //this is a single line comment
/* this
is a
multiline
comment*/
}
Input
Basic syntax:
cin>>variable_name;
:cin is an object of class istream.
Example:
int main(){
int a;
cout<<"Enter a number";
cin>>a;
cout<<"You entered :"<<a;
}
Output:
Enter a number:5
You entered : 5
Printing in new line
Two ways to print in new line:
"\n" //it is a character
endl //it is a function
Using "\n"
int main(){
cout<<"Hello world\n";
cout<<"How are you?";
}
Using endl
int main(){
cout<<"Hello world"<<endl;
cout<<"How are you?";
}
Output:
Hello world
How are you?
Variables and Datatypes
Variables are the names you give to computer memory locations which are
used to store values in a computer program
Rules for declaring variables:
The first character in the variable name must be an alphabet or
underscore ( _ ).
No commas or blanks are allowed within a variable name.
No special symbol other than an underscore (as in gross_sal) can be
used in a variable name.
Ex: first_name,name1,Name etc.
Datatypes
All variables use data-type during declaration to restrict the type of data to
be stored.
Following are the datatypes used in C++.(primitive or fundamental)
Integer int
Character char
Boolean bool
Floating Point float
Double Floating Point double
Valueless or Void void
Datatypes modifier
Signed
Unsigned
Short
Long
Range and size of datatypes:
•Integer: Keyword used for integer data types is int. Integers typically requires 4
bytes of memory space and ranges from -2147483648 to 2147483647.
•Character: Character data type is used for storing characters. Keyword used for
character data type is char. Characters typically requires 1 byte of memory
space and ranges from -128 to 127 or 0 to 255.
•Boolean: Boolean data type is used for storing boolean or logical values. A
boolean variable can store either true or false. Keyword used for boolean data type is bool.
•Floating Point: Floating Point data type is used for storing single precisionfloating point values or decimal values. Keyword used for floating point data typeis float. Float variables typically requires 4 byte of memory space.
•Double Floating Point: Double Floating Point data type is used for storing
double precision floating point values or decimal values. Keyword used for
double floating point data type is double. Double variables typically requires 8
byte of memory space.
•void: Void means without any value. void datatype represents a valueless entity.
Void data type is used for those function which does not returns a value.
sizeof()
It returns size of datatype in bytes.
int main(){
int a;
char c;
float f;
double d;
cout<<"char "<<sizeof(c)<<endl;
cout<<"int "<<sizeof(a)<<endl;
cout<<"float "<<sizeof(f)<<endl;
cout<<"double "<<sizeof(d)<<endl;
}
Output:
Char 1
Int 4
Float 4
Double 8
Type conversion
Converting one datatype to another.
Implicit type conversion
o Compiler converts the datatype to higher datatype
bool -> char -> short int -> int ->
unsigned int -> long -> unsigned ->
long long -> float -> double -> long double
Explicit type casting
o It is done by using cast operator
Decision control instructions
If
If else
Conditional or ternary operator
Switch case
if statement
if(condition)
statement;
or
if(condition){
statements;
statements;
}
If-else statements
if(condition)
statement;
else
statement;
or
if(condition){
statement;
statement;
}
else{
statement;
statement;
}
Conditional operator
condition?if true do this:else do this;
Switch case
switch(n){
case 1: do this;
break;
case 2: do this;
break;
default:do this;
}
Jump sttements:
Break transfers control outside the loop or switch case
Continue continues with the next iteration and skips rest instruction in lloop
goto transfer control to specified label
Increment and decrement operator
“++” is called increment operator it is a unary operator(requires only one
operand)
“--” is called decrement operator
++a is called preincrement
it first increments and then implements
a++ is called postincrement
it first implements and then increments
--a is called predecrement
it first decrements and then implements
a-- is called postdecrement
it first implements and then decrements
++a increases the value of a by 1.
--a decreases the value of a by 1.
Loop
Loops are used to execute instructions repeatedly
Types of loops
while
do while
for
while loop
Basic structure of while loop
initialize loop counter
while(test loop counter using condition){
statement
or
statements
}
loop continues to execute instruction while the condition is true.
While loop is entry controlled loop.
do while loop
do{
statement;
or
statements;
increment counter;
}while(condition);
It is an exit controlled loop.
It will execute the statement once even if the condition is false
For loop
for(initialize counter;test counter;increment counter){
statement;
or
statements;
}
It is entry controlled loop.
It is the most used loop.
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